Bacterial Genetics
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چکیده
Let’s go back to the basics of DNA. DNA is the blueprint that tells the cell through RNA what proteins to make. It is usually composed of two strands of nucleotides (remember some viruses can be single stranded). A nucleotide is made from nitrogenous bases, purines (adenine & guanine) and pyrimidines (cytosine & thymine). They will pair up according to base pair rules, adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine. DNA length is measured in base pairs (bp). The DNA of E. coli, for example is 4.6 X 10 bp long. DNA is stored on one or two chromosomes in the bacterial cell in a region of the cell called the nucleoid. DNA is also stored on plasmids, but DNA stored on plasmids is not necessary for cell replication or survival. The genomic sequence (nucleotide pattern) of many microorganisms has already been determined. Prokaryotic organisms are haploid, i.e. they have 1n number of chromosomes. There are three categories of genes that are coded for in the DNA sequence: genes that code for proteins (structural genes), genes that code for RNA, and genes that code for gene expression (regulatory genes).
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